Jazz in the Culture of Nazi Germany Essay - 1185 Words

Different Drummers: Jazz in the Culture of Nazi Germany by Michael Kater There has only been one moment in history when jazz was synonymous with popular music in the country of its origin. During the years of, and immediately prior to World War II, a subgenre of jazz commonly referred to as swing was playing on all American radio stations and attracting throngs of young people to dancehalls for live shows. But it wasnt only popular amongst Americans; historian Michael H. Kater, in his book Different Drummers: Jazz in the Culture of Nazi Germany, has turned his eye away from the United States in order to examine the effects jazz had on German culture during the years of swing popularity. In his introduction, Kater explains the†¦show more content†¦One famous critic of the genre was Theodore Adorno who, while priding himself on being an avant-gardist, refused to categorize jazz as an actual art form, instead he relegated it to the class of arts and crafts. This view of the music could be fairly attributed to underlying prejudices that were ing rained in the German psyche. By the time the Nazi Party had gained significant political power, they had begun to successfully exploit the ignorance of the general populace regarding the characteristics of dark-skinned peoples. Although during the republic there were a number of African and African-American jazz musicians occupying spaces in German bands, as well as in foreign bands touring through the country, German culture was not as accepting of people of color as, say, France was at the time. One reason for this racism that stood out in Katers book was the mistreatment of German women by North African colonials in the French Army during the occupation following World War I. But even those exceptionally tolerant Germans who praised the African-Americans that invented jazz still regarded them with a paradoxical objectification that attempted to hold the black man up on a pedestal for his mystical musical skills, but consequently turned his image into a threatening one. This concept would be later known as Crow Jimism in American bebop circles. What the Nazis found threatening about jazz, according to Kater, was its spirit as wellShow MoreRelatedJazz and World War Ii: Reciprocal Effects and Relationships Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesJazz and World War II: Reciprocal Effects and Relationships Both Jazz music and World War II had a significant impact on each other. Jazz music boosted the morale of soldiers fighting abroad and also lifted the spirits of their loved ones back at home. Many jazz musicians were soldiers, and several others traveled overseas or across the country to entertain U.S. troops. Among these performers were Bing Crosby, Artie Shaw, and Benny Carter. Jazz music was not only evident in American culture, butRead MorePropaganda and Radio Broadcasting In Nazi Germany Essay1374 Words   |  6 Pages1933 Adolf Hitler was chosen as Chancellor of Germany by president Paul von Hindenburg. With this, the Nazi party came to power. Originally called the National Socialist German Workers party (Nazi for short), the Nazi party emphasized how Laissez-faire capitalism, economic liberalism, and democracy failed in government. The National Socialists stressed the importance of the impeccability of the German race. Although they had very determined ideas, The Nazi party began as a relatively small group inRead MoreHitler And The Nazi Party1547 Words   |  7 PagesNazism in America Probably one of the most infamous political groups in history were the Nazis, a party created and lead by Hitler, an equally awful man. 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He showed the ability to keep strength and courage despite Germany losing the war and for thisRead MoreWomen in Nazi Germany1548 Words   |  7 PagesThe women in Nazi Germany had a very specific role set up for them. The specifications of their job consisted of revolving around their house duties, their husbands and their children. Most of the income in the family would come from the husband, while back at home, the women would tidy up and keep everything in place. The encouragement of marrying at a young age, and getting a proper family dates back to 1933, from when Hitler first rose to power, and the Law for the Encouragement of Marriage wasRead MoreThe Cold War On Europe1282 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical and military tension between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw Pact). 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This is in contrast to World War I, where most citizens of the world were not as connectedRead MoreEssay on The Forms of Propaganda Used by the State in Nazi Germany973 Words   |  4 PagesUsed by the State in Nazi Germany One of the purposes of dictatorship was to give the Nazis control of peoples lives. The more control they had, the more easily they could put their aims into effect. The job of controlling people thus became one of the main tasks of the Nazi state. Party propaganda was evident throughout German society and served as a means by which the state could effectively reach every German and summon absolute loyalty to the Nazi party. FollowingRead MoreDifferences Between Class, Religion And Politics1500 Words   |  6 Pageswere used to show these very same ideologies. In September 1933, The Reichskulturekammer (Reich Culture Chamber) was established and led by Goebbels. 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The Minoan Civilization An Aegean Bronze Age Civilization

The Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization that was rich with culture, art and architecture. They were so intellectually advanced for their time period, that they have made a significant contribution to the development of the Western European civilization. The Mycenaean civilization flourished in the late Bronze Age. Unlike the Minoans, the Mycenaeans were militaristic and more calculating people. They had very specific reasons behind their actions. Both civilizations had differences and similarities in their technology, trade, military, and society. Being in close proximity of other ancient civilizations, both the Minoans and the Mycenaeans learned from others to fortify their own identity as a society. The Minoan civilization developed rapidly during the middle of the Bronze Age in 2000 BCE until 1500 BCE in the island of Crete. The Minoans were a sophisticated culture that had a unique palette in art and architecture. We know from archeological discoveries, that they had complex settlements and structures, but there were no fortifications, suggesting that they were peaceful and harmonious. This harmony carried through to their art giving it literary and mythological essence that questions, who exactly were the Minoans? Their lack of walled citadels, temples, and unclear kings and priests, suggests that there was an absence of male domination in this society. This leads to believe that the females played an important role in the Minoan society. In manyShow MoreRelatedAncient Mediterranean Art Essays1098 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Mediterranean Art I. Description of a Cycladic female figurine Cycladic civilization is divided into three periods: Early Cycladic (3000-2000 BC), Middle Cycladic (2000-1500 BC), and Late Cycladic (1500-1100 BC). The large amount of white marble sculptures located in the Cycladic islands, especially Naxos and Paros, a place exclusively made up of female folded-arm figures. These impressive marbles seem to be a symbol of Cycladic art. These figures are the best-knownRead MoreCauses Of Minoan Civilization993 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Civilization is an important part of people’s live. It develops when the environment of a region can support a large and productive population. Civilization is a social, economic, and political entity distinguished by the ability to express itself through images and written language (H.Sayre, 2011, P.1). Minoan civilization is the first advanced civilization of the prehistoric Aegean region that was developed on a small island of Crete, where Sir Arthur Evans an English archaeologistRead Morehis112 r3 Ancient Civilizations and the Greek World Matrix1457 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Ancient Civilizations and the Greek World Matrix Complete the matrix by entering cultural, political, and economic developments that had lasting effects or that are significant of each civilization. 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Well they are considered by many Historians and Archeologists to be the first great European Civilization. Some people believed that this was the mythical land of Atlantis. They were located near the Aegean Sea and lands such as Greece, Troy and Asia Minor. One interesting fact is that these people n ever called themselves the Minoans. There wasn’t any name listed in the history books for these people but the Ancient Crete Civilization. They were known as the Crete Civilization becauseRead MoreThe Minoans and Mycenaeans Essay842 Words   |  4 PagesThe Minoans and Mycenaeans were both from the Greek era. They differentiated quite a bit between each other. While the Minoans were peaceful people, the Mycenaeans were brutal and warlike. These two civilizations help the people of today learn about ancient culture. Although the two places were varied much from one another, the cultures wrote the most understandable historical evidence about themselves. 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MRI Contrast Agents Free Essays

â€Å"MRI contrast is used for a variety of reasons.   Primarily, it is used to improve the detection of disease; that is, to increase sensitivity and diagnostic confidence, to enhance the ability to differentiate normal and abnormal tissue; and to identify the extent of the disease† (Muroff, 2001). Contrast agents are chemical substances used in anatomical or functional imaging for the purpose of increasing visual differences between normal and abnormal tissue. We will write a custom essay sample on MRI Contrast Agents or any similar topic only for you Order Now    These chemical substances are used to alter relaxation times.   Contrast agents are classified by changes in relaxation times after injection. There are six main categories of MRI contrast agents: Gastrointestinal, Intravenous, Intravascular (blood pool), Tumor-specific, and Reticuloendothelial contrast agents. Within the Gastrointestinal contrast agent category, there two subcategories: Positive and Negative contrast agents. Positive contrast agents cause a reduction in T1 relaxation times.   These agents appear brightly on images.   They may contain Manganese, Iron or Gadolinium as active elements. Positive contrast agents have three classifications: Paramagnetic agents, short T1-relaxation agents, and a combination of the two. Paramagnetic contrast agents have magnetic centers which create magnetic fields.   These fields interact with water protons, and have a larger effect on relaxation rates.   They include ferric chloride and gadolinium, which cause T1 and T2 shortening.   In low concentrations, T1 shortening holds the domination of the intensity of the signal.   In high concentrations, T2 shortening causes the signal to decrease.   At mid-level concentration, T1 and T2 shortening show an increase in the signal on T1 weighted images, and decreased the signal on T2 weighted images. Short T1-relaxation agents include mineral oil and oil emulsions.   In these agents, protons relax faster than protons in water, which results in short T1 time.   In bowels with T1 weighted images, a bright signal is apparent. Combinations include emulsion oil that contains corn oil and ferric ammonium citrate, and an emusion containing baby formula with ferrous sulfate.   Combination contrast agents distribute evenly through the bowels. Negative contrast agents will appear largely dark on images.   They are frequently called superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO).   They have shorter T1 and T2 relaxation times. Negative contrast agents have three classifications: diamagnetic agents, superparamagnetic agents, and perfluorochemicals. One readily available diamagnetic contrast agent is barium sulfate suspension.   It reduces the loss of bowel signals, resulting in improved pancreatic visualization. Superparamagnetic contrast agents are generally administered orally.   They include magnelite albumin microspheres and superparamagnetic iron oxide.   A large loss of the signal in the stomach and small bowels that give immense visualization of the pancreas and anterior renal margins.   This contrast agent type â€Å"accumulates in the reticuloendothelial system of the liver, and darkens healthy liver tissue in T2-weighted images† (mr-tip.com). Perfluorochemicals are organic compounds that replace protons with fluorine.   They are a special group of negative contrast agents that appear completely dark on images, because they do not contain hydrogen atoms, which are responsible for the signal in MRIs.   In gastrointestinal imaging, the purpose of perfluorochemicals is to give a complete signal absence in the bowels. Intravenous contrast agents include both ionic and nonionic chelates.   When using paramagnetic metal ions as contrast agents, there is a high level of toxicity in the doses required for imaging.   Chelates reduce the chances of long term toxicity by reducing the toxic levels. Intravascular contrast agents remain in the blood longer than most other contrast agents.   They are highly useful in diagnosis imaging that may require longer imaging times. Tumor-Specific contrast agents are targeted to tumors.   There are four main types of tumor-specific agents: Metalloporphyrins target multiple types of tumors, such as melanomas and lymphomas. Monoclonal antibodies are for specific tumors such as colon carcinomas. Ferrioxamine is a paramagnetic agent used for the kidneys and urinary tract. Nitroxides are also paramagnetic agents, but are not widely used. Reticuloendothelial contrast agents are used in liver, spleen and lymph node MRIs.   In liver and spleen imaging, specific contrast agents are used that target the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and spleen.   Because of the inability of most imagers to differentiate between normal and abnormal lymph nodes, USPIO has become widely used.   USPIO allows imagers to have the ability to differentiate between lymph nodes. â€Å"In cases where it is difficult to differentiate two types of tissue, because the signal intensity they produce is so similar, the solution is to add a contrast agent to one of them in order to distinguish it from the other tissue† (GE Healthcare, 2007).   MRI contrast agents affect hydrogen atoms and the time they take to return to their original state, thereby increasing the signal intensity differences between the tissue with the contrast agent and the tissue without the contrast agent.   This results in an increase of contrasts on the image. References GE Healthcare (accessed January 13, 2007) www.amershamhealth.com/public/medical/mri_3.shtml Medline Plus (revised March 2000) http://mplus.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202770.html MR-Technology (accessed January 13, 2007) www.mr-tip.com Muroff, Lawrence R. (Aug. 2001) â€Å"MRI Contrast: Current Agents and Issues† Applied Radiology Online (vol. 30, No. 8) www.appliedradiology.com Runge, Val M. (Aug. 2001) â€Å"The Safety of MR Contrast Media: A Literature Review† Applied Radiology Online (Vol. 30, No. 8) www.appliedradiology.com How to cite MRI Contrast Agents, Essay examples

Brave New World Essay Example For Students

Brave New World Essay Huxleys Brave New World is definitely new and is something that is difficult for a person living in a 90s world to imagine for it is so very diverse compared to our society and customs today. The odd world and lifestyle that was prophesied by Aldous Huxley in the first half of the 20th century has much of the same basis of customs but they are just performed different ritually in these peoples everyday routines. If anyone from our time and our world were ever to spend any given amount of time in Huxleys world then they would be confused, shunned by society and looked at almost as a savage like John for having such different and â€Å"primitive† ways. This of course would happen to anyone from Huxleys world that infiltrated our world that we know. Its all in ones opinion whether or not Huxleys adjustments for a stable environment are just are not but what can be done is to show a comparison between a world subjected to Huxleys ideas from Brave New World and our reality today. One comparison that can be made and also the most obvious is how people are brought into the world. In Huxleys world there is a complicated hatching process where embryos are monitored and adjusted. This occurs in the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Center. There are many, many aspects to this process and many different methods used to bring life into the world then what we are accustomed to. Here embryos are kept in jars and processed in several ways and conditioned in such a way that everything about the person can be determined and altered. Once these children are born they are put through several events from day one which help to suit them for the rest of their lives. For example, a type of treatment would occur to a certain group of children with a certain determined destiny and so that they enjoy their occupations and niche in their world no matter what that role may be. The people who work to keep this world stable would not want a child predestined to become a construction worker to ever find curiosity in books and learning; that child would be conditioned to stay away from books and learning by means of bad association with those certain things. The child may be given a book and then shocked so they can affiliate bad memories with studying. All persons produced by the center are subjected to many other types of conditioning processes to fit them perfectly to perform their job in the world such as hypnopaedia which is sleep-teaching. In todays reality two people mate and the woman conceives the child through birth. There is no other method of creating a human being. In our world pregnancy is considered natural and beautiful. Children are brought up very individually and in different ways, usually by families and taught the basics of growing up. Children are educated in school learning all subjects including history which is another aspect of life that is shunned by Huxleys society. The mating part in the ritual of creating life is what brings us to our next comparison, sex. In Huxleys society sex is had hastily and through promiscuity, with many partners. Love is something that is not even imagined in their world. But in reality sex is something precious and is not had without thought and without knowing the person well, actually, this is in most scenarios but it is sad to say that promiscuity does exist to some extent in our world. Love is a very serious thing in reality, even more precious than sex and love does occur often. Symbolism In The Fall Of The House Of Usher EssayHuman reproductive instincts are compromised! This is partially due to the counterbalancing desire for self-fulfillment in humans. Since the State provides to satisfy all sensual pleasures of its citizens, this desire is appeased and therefore enables the suppression of reproductive instincts. Moreover, the State provides nurture, through conditioning, in such a way as to conform all individuals to the ideals of the State. This takes place from the time of fertilization to and throughout adulthood. It guarantees, in most cases, the citizens complete acceptance of every aspect of life. For example, when babies destined for the working-class are exposed to books and flowers, they are also subjected to electric shocks coupled with loud and frightening noises; thus, paired stimuli are used to condition, or predetermine a responds, to an object or experience. As the Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning puts it, what man has joined, nature is powerless to put asunder. The human species has finally learned to master what its instinct desires. Furthermore, through hypnopaedia, the mind of each individual is filled with suggestions from the State. These suggestions become the thought processes and mold the desires of each citizen. The Director claims that all conditioning aim at making people like their unescapable destiny. Therefore, not only has man conquered nature by developing the ability to categorize the genes of individuals and to maximize the efficiency of the workforce, through conditioning, individuals are also taught to conform to societal values and to enjoy their status in society. If you were an Epsilon, your conditioning would have made you no less thankful that you werent a Beta or an Alpha. Ultimately, one has to wonder whether humans are slaves to genes or slaves to conditioning. In Brave New World, cultural conditioning seems to be the dominating factor in the behavior of individuals. The introduction of the Savage into civilization illuminates the slavery of the seemingly robotic Epsilon workers. In both the book and movie versions, the Savage assaults the Soma-distribution line. He sees that the masses of people are trapped, trapped by their conditioning. They are conditioned to take Soma when agitated, to behave in a certain way as to not disrupt the stability of society, and to conform to the ideals of the State. The Savage asks, but do you like being slaves? Dont you want to be free and men? Dont you even understand what manhood and freedom are? Unfortunately, his audience has no notion of freedom due to their conditioning. They are so deeply entrapped and conditioned to be content in life that freedom has no value and no meaning to them. While Huxley focuses on the sacrifice of individualism in favor of social stability, the movie version of Brave New World addresses the lack of love. This lack of love is not only evident between individuals, but it is also pervasive in the mass attitude toward art, philosophy, and even religion and science. Anyhow, the result of both worlds is the same. Through conditioning or mass propaganda, people are taught to live in universal happiness. Universal happiness keeps the wheels steadily turning; truth and beauty cant. And this happiness, achieved through ingestion of soma and conditioning, leads to social stability. And according to the Controller, in Brave New World, stability is the primal and ultimate need. Men are no longer slaves of genes but are instead conditioned to serve the stability of society. Each person has his/her place, and everyone works for everyone else. While Huxley presents his Brave New World as a hopeless environment lacking love and real happiness, the movie offers a glimpse of hope in its ending: it shows that a young boy voluntarily disconnects his conditioning process. This is done intentionally. There is hope at the end of our story, Mr. Williams, one of the directors said. Throughout the movie, we get screenshots of this young boy frowning, as if he realizes that something is wrong with the world. Moreover, in the ending, his actions leave a provoking statement that suggests a victory over cultural conditioning. It suggests the presence of a stronger force driving the inhabitants of Brave New World to go against their conditioning. This force constitutes the instincts, the desires and behaviors that are programmed into our genes, that is inherent in human beings. Therefore the movie presents a comeback by nature to overcome nurture. The story of Brave New World presents a scary scenario of government control, regulations on reproduction, and a resulting lack of love in society. The battle between nurture and nature takes place. The State represents the nurturing factors that influence the behavior of individuals; the genes that provide the individuals with instinctive behaviors represent nature. While Huxleys Brave New World hails nurture as the ultimate winner, able to suppress all instinctive desires, the movie version proposes that instinctive desires can drive the inhabitants of Brave New World to go against their conditioning. The movie acknowledges the powerful instinctive desires that counter the conditioning of people. However, after examining both versions of Brave New World, one cannot help feeling entrapped by the society that one lives in. Through a careful analysis of both the book and the movie version of Brave New World, it becomes evident that our world is not so different from Brave New World. Society conditioning induces individuals to strive for better careers, more money, and larger properties. Happiness is often derived from the fulfillment of sensual pleasures and the pursuit of a luxurious life. In Brave New World, we are shocked by the amount of influence that social conditioning exerts on individuals. However, who is to say that we are not under similar influences today in our very own world?